ABSTRACT
Introduction:Anthropometric studies have shown significant variations in the cranium and orbits between races and genders due to various factors such as genetics, race, hormones, nutritional differences, and environmental influences. The present study aims to record cranial and orbital dimensions and indices to classify skulls based on these measurements. MaterialsandMethods: Thirty‑five human adult skulls were obtained from the dissecting laboratory and museum of Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Safedabad. The orbital height, width, interorbital distance, maximum length, and width of the cranium were measured directly using a digital Vernier caliper. The skulls were then classified based on the orbital and cranial indices calculated. Results: The study found a mean orbital index of 83.42, classifying the skulls as mesoseme, and a cranial index of 73.15, classifying them as dolichocephalic. Conclusion: Basic data and records of morphometry of bones belonging to specific regions can help identify the ethnicity and race of a person. Understanding the correlation of dimensions of the orbital cavity and cranium is crucial in certain conditions, such as interpreting fossils, classification of skulls in forensic medicine, and discovering trends in evolution and racial differences. These findings may also aid in identifying unclaimed bodies in India, which are found in significant numbers yearly
ABSTRACT
Background: Foramen Magnum (FM) is a latin word meaning the largest aperture in the base of the skull. It is ovaland wider behind, with the greatest diameter (dm) being antero-posterior (AP). The major vital neuroanatomicpasses through this largest foramen. Many authors have classified FM depending upon its shapes.Objectives: To determine the morphometric parameters of Foramen MagnumMaterials and Methods: The study was conducted on 71 dry human skulls of unknown sex and measured itsAntero-Posterior, Transverse, Right Oblique and Left Oblique diameters with the help of digital caliper.Result: The dormancy of Oval shaped Foramen Magnum was found in this study. The range of Antero-posteriorand Transverse diameter falls between 30.22-40.9 mm and 22.67-33.36 mm respectively. The range of Rightoblique and Left Oblique diameter was found in between 20.84-35.52 mm and 28.88-35.47 mm respectively.Conclusion: The present study will useful not only for anatomists but also in neurosurgery. As the nomenclatureof the opening in the occipital bone at the base of the skull and bounded by Oval and Rounded on visualizationsupported by Antero-Posterior and Transverse diameter of the opening.
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Background: Pelvic dimensions display considerable individual, sexual and racial differences. Fetal pelvis has been utilized for sex determination as well as for prediction of congenital anomalies such as Down’s syndrome. Congenital anomalies diagnosed during intrauterine life are sometimes very useful especially if it could be corrected because such crucial step will lead to normal development of fetuses. Many congenital abnormalities might directly involve the pubic symphyseal region. Developmental details and morphometric measurements of this joint in fetuses remain unknown or poorly documented. Methods: The study was conducted in the department of anatomy J.N. Medical College. A.M.U. Aligarh, on 41 human foetuses, which were divided into five groups according to the gestational age. Group I comprises foetuses of 14–18 weeks, group II 19–22 weeks, group III 23–26 weeks, group IV 27–30 weeks and group V more than 30 weeks. Vertical height and antero-posterior thickness of the isolated pubic symphysis was measured. Different dimensions of pubic symphysis. Pattern of growth of pubic symphysis were compared with gestational age. Results: Anterior and posterior vertical height and thickness of pubic symphysis at all the three levels i.e. upper, middle and lower grew constantly throughout intrauterine life. Different measurements of pubic symphysis showed variable growth rates in different groups of foetuses. Conclusion: The present morphometrical study on foetuses gives baseline dimensions of the symphysis at different gestational age, which can hint towards one of the many congenital anomalies afflicting it.
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Background: To study the morphology of the caudate lobe of liver. The caudate lobe is visible on the posterior surface, bounded on the left by the fissure for the ligamentum venosum, below by the porta hepatis and on the right by the groove for the inferior vena cava. Above, it continues into the superior surface on the right of the upper end of the fissure for the ligamentum venosum. Below and to the right, it is connected to the right lobe by a narrow caudate process, which is immediately behind the porta hepatis and above the epiploic foramen. Below and to the left, the caudate lobe has a small rounded papillary process. Taking into consideration clinical importance of this lobe in metastasis, cirrhosis and hepatic resections a morphological study was carried out on caudate lobe. Methods: This study was undertaken on 36 cadaveric livers available in the Department of Anatomy of Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly to study the morphometery of caudate lobe of liver using vernier caliper. Results: Various shapes of the caudate lobe were observed, rectangular being the commonest. Conclusion: Knowledge of variations of caudate lobe may be important to anatomists and morphologists for new variant, embryologists for new developmental defect, clinicians for diseases, surgeons for planning surgery involving liver, and imagery specialists for avoiding misinterpretation of CT and MRI.
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Background: Our study aims to study the variations in lobar pattern and fissures of both right and left human lungs. Methods: 41 formalin fixed cadaveric lungs were obtained from the Department of Anatomy, SRMS IMS. The lungs were studied to observe the variations of fissures and lobes. Abnormal or accessory lobes were also noted. Results: 18 right lung and 23 left lung specimens were obtained and studied. Among the right lungs studied one showed an incomplete oblique fissure, six showed incomplete horizontal fissures. The horizontal fissure was absent in three right lungs. In the left lung only one lung showed the presence of an incomplete oblique fissure. Conclusion: The lung is a vital organ for life. Hence, considering the clinical importance of such anomalies, we as anatomists suggest that awareness and knowledge of the variations in the lobes and fissures of the lungs may be important for surgeons planning lobectomies and surgical resections involving individual segments and for radiologists to accurately interpret radiological images. This knowledge has further become more significant with the increasing incidence of lung carcinomas.